sahel military aid vs developmental assisatance Essay

JFK stated, the basic problems facing the world today are not susceptible to a military solution. Resolved: Development assistance should be prioritized over military aid in the Sahel region of Africa. F.C.S.D. Development assistance- the transfer of resources (cash, commodities or services) which promote the economic or welfare development of the recipient. (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) Prioritized- to list in order of importance of need. (MW) Military aid- aid which comes in the source of armed forces in warlike matters. (reserso dictionary) Sahel Region of Africa- A semiarid region of north-central Africa south of the Sahara Desert. That has been afflicted by prolonged periods of extensive†¦show more content†¦They also called for reform of the humanitarian response and development assistance, to enhance resilience and promote long-term solutions. Also, the US supports developmental assistance over military aid. ThinkAfricaPress states â€Å"Western governments look set to increase their military support for Sahelian and Saharan countries. But they do this based on incorrect assumptions, misguided objectives and questionable methods. At best, this trend will cost a lot of money and lives, and achieve little. At worst, it will lead to a worsening spiral of violence, producing the very outcomes Western powers fear.† My Last Contention, Humanitarian problems (which would be solved by Developmental aid) far out way the conflict problem (which would could be solved my military aid.) Proof of this comes from state.gov where they state â€Å"the Sahel faced a serious humanitarian crisis in 2012 brought on by a severe drought and failed harvests that put 18.7 million people at risk for food insecurity, including one million children at risk of severe acute malnutrition.† Furthermore proof that military is not of much use, comes from Scott Johnson in Newsweek, where he speaks on the terrorists in the Sahel, He states that the terrorists which many people are worried about and demand military action to

Influence Of Modern Day South Africa Essay - 1525 Words

Audrey DeJong Carla Quigley GT Pre-AP Humanities 1 10/20/16 Over 6,000 Miles Away: The European â€Å"Empire† Influence in Modern Day South Africa In South Africa, ethnic groups with contrasting heritages can include Dutch, British, German, French, English, Zulu, Xhosa, and Basotho people (â€Å"Ethnic Groups†). The Dutch, Afrikaans, Zulu, and English language is also scattered throughout the provinces, these being used by the majority of the population. This diverse set of people mainly practices Christianity, but also encompasses Islam, Hinduism and Judaism. Although each of these ethnic groups may speak a different language, practice a different religion, or even have a different appearance and heritage, these people are all similar as they are all South Africans. The population of the white majority in South Africa, with defined cultural factors, has come from the European colonization of Cape Town, South Africa. Through many overcome cultural boundaries and obstacles, to forming a discriminatory government structure, and now, where these two ethnic groups have changed and created what South Africa is today, it is inevitable that the effects of white colonization has changed the lifestyle of generations of families in South Africa. The European powerhouses of the colonial generation, primarily the Netherlands and Great Britain, imposed a profound influence on present day South African life. The most basic point in understanding early colonial settlement of South Africa isShow MoreRelatedThe Rationalization of the South African Society638 Words   |  3 Pagesincrease in the application medicine and technology have played important roles in the concept of rationalism (Bilton et al, 2002). 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We had marches day after day, thousands of people got arrested in Washington, D.C., said civil rights attorney Charles Ogletree (Carter). Everyone who was arrested was released and no one had charges pressed because it was a nationalRead MoreGandhi was an admired social and political reformer worldwide535 Words   |  3 Pagessuccess. Two years later an Indian firm with interests in South Africa hired him as a legal advisor in its office in Durban. This changed his life. In South Africa, Gandhi was treated as a member of an inferior race. He was disgusted at the lack of civic liberties and political rights available to Indian immigrants to South Africa. He then committed himself to the struggle for elementary rights for Indians. Gandhi remained in South Africa for twenty years, suffering imprisonment at times. In 1896Read MoreMark Mathabane’s Kaffir Boy Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pagesapartheid South Africa. Being under control of the whites, he witnesses violence, feels pain and suffers hunger with his family. However he overcomes the hardships and goes to college in America. Mathabane as a child is reluctant to go to school although his mother forces him to go but he earns rewards through education in school and tennis. His family is his aid that helps in his journey and sufferings in South Africa. He almost quits school when his friends in his neighborhood put a bad influence overRead MoreThe Black Consciousness Movement And The Struggle For Racial Equality1598 Words   |  7 PagesThe brutal system of legislation, apartheid, introduced by the Nationalist Party within South Africa in 1948 saw a colossal divide in national identity. The rigid policy of segregation and institutionalised racial discr imination of the blacks or â€Å"bantu’s† by white supremacy caused rising and consistent opposition in the form of various groups. Organisations such as the South African School’s Associations, African National Congress, and Black People’s Convention campaigned side by side for black equality

Change Management Process and Structure

Question: Discuss about the Change Management Process and Structure. Answer: Introduction Change management is a process to transit individuals, teams and organizations to a desired future state. Organizational change serves to review and modify structures of management and business processes. According to Frankland et al. (2013), it is important to adapt changes within an organization. Globalization and constant innovation in business processes are forcing the organizations to evolve accordingly to survive. For example, phenomena such as social media marketing and mobile adaptability have brought huge changes in business sectors. In order to deal with those changes, the organizations must implement change and enhance the old work procedures. However, it is also important to become comfortable with the change. Therefore, the management of an organization should enhance their ability to manage and adapt organizational change. According to Quinn et al. (2012), rapid organizational change is intensely difficult because the structure, routines and culture of organizations wil l resist against any type of change. In order to make the organizational changes easy and comfortable, several change models are introduces so that organizations can use them accordingly. Among several change models, this study will shed light on most important four models, which are Prosci Adkar model, Stephen Covey model, Lewins Classical model and Kotter eight model. Prosci Adkar Model Figure 1: ADKAR model of change (Soure: Shah 2014) According to Shah (2014), the Prosci Adkar model is an objective-oriented change management model that serves to both individual and organizational changes. In this study, the application of Prosci Adkar model in organizational change will be discussed. This model helps to understand the needs of an individual during a change at workplace. It also helps to direct kind of support an organization can provide to help employees to adapt the changes. Awareness The first question rises during a change is whether the employees are aware of the need for change or not. As mentioned by Hornstein (2015), if a change is implementing and employees are unaware about it, then they will consider it as a waste of time. They will also stat resist the change. That is why; organizational awareness messages are highly important, especially if it comes from the most senior leaders of the organization. Desire The second questions that rises during a change is whether the employees have the desire to participate in the change or not. Employees who are not interested in change will show no interest in it. In order to deal with such employees, direct manager or supervisor will have come forward to provide help (Kazmi and Naarananoja 2013). For any employee they are the closest senior personnel and they understand how those employees perform and what kind of mindset they have. Therefore, through one to one conversation, managers or supervisors will be able to uncover the reasons for resisting changes. Knowledge It is paramount that the employees have the knowledge to make the change. Therefore, knowledge building among the employees is another critical task for the managers and supervisors. However, this task can be performed only after completing the milestones of increasing awareness and desire among the employees (Hornstein 2015). Knowledge can be shared through training seasons. While selecting a proper process for training, the management must remember that training is specific to the employees role in the change. Ability Another important question that rises during a change is Can the employees put their knowledge into practice? Knowing the steps to perform in a changed workplace and actually using those steps properly are very different things (Shah 2014). In order to eliminate the knowledge to ability gap, employees should be allowed to work in an atmosphere where they are allowed to make mistakes and ask questions. Reinforcement Organizations that are planning to bring changes must have reinforced methods to prevent employees from reverting to old habits. If reinforced methods are not in place, then employees will reply on their old spreadsheets instead of the new system. They will again stat resisting the change by saying the new process is excessively long and complex (Rosenbaum et al. 2016). Therefore, it is important to monitor whether the change is being sustained or not. If employees are responding positively then rewards can be awarded. If some employees are not happy with the change, then it is important to figure out whether they will need more training, coaching and reinforcement or not. Stephen Covey: 7 Habits Model Figure 2: Seven habit model (Source: Handel and Steckler 2013) This model of change management was first published in the year of 1989 and includes 7 habits of extremely effectual people. Those habits are, Habit 1: become proactive This habit states about the aptitude to manage the environment around, rather than allowing it to manage you. Habit 2: start with the end in mind According to Handel and Steckler (2013), Stephen Covey named it as the habit or personal leadership. This habit helps an individual to achieve his aims and goals. If an employee can concentrate on relevant activities then he will be able to build a platform through which he will become productive and successful. Habit 3: fist thing first According to personal aims and goals, it is necessary to organize and implement activities. As mentioned by Cameron and Green (2015), habit 2 is the mental creating where habit 3 is physical creation. Habit 4: think positive This habit is called as habit of interpersonal leadership. Interpersonal leadership is paramount characteristics as it helps to carry out a work by using co-operative efforts with others (Jacobs et al. 2013). Habit 5: request first to appreciate and then to be understood This defines the habit of interaction, which is tremendously powerful. According to Handel and Steckler (2013), Covey explained this habit in a simple analogy which is diagnose before you prescribe. Habit 6: synergize Covey calls this characteristic as innovative collaboration It automatically surrounds all other behaviors that enables and encourages employees to grow. Habit 7: Sharpen the motto This habit is described as self-renewal process. It includes all the behaviors that encourage a person to grow and enhance its capabilities. In his recent book ,Covey introduce another habit that deals with personal fulfillment and helps other to fulfill their achievement. Lewins Classical Model This model states that using three stages an organization can implement the required changes successfully. Those three stages are unfreeze, change and refreeze. Figure 3: Lewins classical model (Source: Cummings et al. 2016) Unfreeze In this first step, an organization prepares itself to accept changes that are required. The management breaks down the existing status quo in order to establish a new way of operating. In this step, the existing beliefs, values, attitudes and behaviors are challenged. Then everything and everyone will be put at off balance (Cummings et al. 2016). This might evoke critical reaction in people which is the ultimate goal. This will motivate the employees to seek out a new equilibrium. Without this motivation, it is impossible to execute a meaningful change. Steps of unfreeze Conclude areas that should be changed Surveys must be conducted to understand the present situation Figure out why change is required Gain strong support from senior management Stakeholder analysis and stakeholder management methods can be used win support from higher authority of the organization Issues must be framed as one of organization-wide importance Develop the need for a change Share information with the employees stating the requirement of a change Vision and strategies of organization should be shared as supporting evidence Highlight why Understand and solve the doubts and concerns Ask employees about their concerns and address in terms of the need to change Table 1: steps of unfreeze (Source: McAleese et al. 2013) Change: Once uncertainly is created in the stage on unfreeze, the stage of change comes where people start to resolve their doubts and look for new traditions to do things. However, the evolution from unfreeze to change will not ensue suddenly. Employees will take time to embrace new directions and contribute proactively in the change (Kazmi and Naarananoja 2013). The higher management of the organization will have to educate their employees about how the changes will benefit them. Steps of change Regular communication Communicate with the stakeholders during the planning and implementation of the change Explain the benefits Describe how the changes are going to create positive impact Prepare everyone for the change Disperse rumors One will have to answer questions of the employees in an open and honest manner If problems arise, then deal with it immediately Authorize action Provide more than one opportunity for employee involvement Managers should provide regular directions Ask employees to join the process Develop short-term goals to implement the change Negotiation with the employees is important part of change Table 2: Steps of Change (Source: Kazmi and Naarananoja 2013) Refreeze After a certain time, changes will take shape and employees will start to adopt new ways of working. This is when; the organization can refreeze the process (Handel and Steckler 2013). However, the higher authority must make sure that changes are utilized and used regularly and are included into daily business. As an important part of refreeze, organizations must celebrate the success for the change. Steps of refreeze Secure the changes in the organization Figure out factors that support the change Figure out obstacles to sustaining change Establish ways to sustain the change Make sure employees get leadership support during the refreeze state New reward systems must be developed Feedback system must be implemented Provide training and coaching Gain support from each of the employees Table 3: Steps of refreeze (Source: McAleese 2013) Kotter 8 Step Model Figure 4: Kotters eight step model (Source: Appelbaum et al. 2012) Many theories exist that help organizations to implement a change. John Kotter, a lecturer at Harvard Business School and a popular change expert, introduced one of the most common procedures known as Kotters eight steps. Those eight steps are described below, Step 1: Develop urgency Higher authority of an organization must create a sense of necessity around the requirement for change. This will help the organization to spark the initial inspiration to get things moving (Appelbaum et al. 2012). Step 2: Develop a strong alliance Employees and other stakeholders must be convinced that the change is necessary for them and for the organization. This will require strong leadership skills including visible support from senior management of the organization. According to Mishra (2013), managing change is not enough as you will have to lead it properly. Step 3: Develop a vision to support the change It is obvious that several ideas and solution will float around initially when the management will think about a change (Klein 2013). It is important to link these ideas to develop an overall vision so that employees can understand it easily. Step 4: Share the vision with everyone Success of the change will depend on how the management will react after developing a vision. It is necessary to communicate with the stakeholders frequently and powerfully about the developed vision (Calegari et al. 2015). The higher authority can also use the vision regularly to make decisions and solve problems. Step 5: Eliminate barriers Some people will always be there to resist the change. Other barriers will also be there to prevent any type of change in an organization (Jacobs et al. 2013). It is paramount to figure out those barriers properly so that the management can eliminate them in order to empower the people you need to execute your vision. Step 6: Develop short-term win It is evident that nothing can motivate employees rather than success. Therefore, it is important to provide a taste of victory initially in the change process. If staffs can see that positive results are coming out because of the change, they will start responding to it. Step 7: Construct on change Kotter stated that victories because of change must not be declared too soon. Real change aims to run deep with an objective to dig out log-term benefits (Cummings et al. 2016). For example, if the change helped an organization to launch a new product successfully, then 10 more products must be launched with it in order to maximize the positive efforts of change. Step 8: Fix the changes in the organizational culture In the last step, an organization must take proper steps to ensure that the change remains constant (Shah 2014). It is also important that leaders of an organization must continue to support the changes. Conclusion and Recommendation All the models of change management are effective in their own way. Organization can use any of those models to bring change in their workplace. Each of these models is unique and has different styles and processes. Therefore, an organization must decide carefully before selecting a model. Senior management of an organization must remember that, whatever model they choose, they will have to implement each of the steps properly. Most of the times, companies implement initial steps properly and when they find that employees have accepted the change, they start to neglect rest o the steps. This will bring negative consequences as maintaining the change is more important that implementing it. References Appelbaum, S.H., Habashy, S., Malo, J.L. and Shafiq, H., 2012. Back to the future: revisiting Kotter's 1996 change model.Journal of Management Development,31(8), pp.764-782. Calegari, M.F., Sibley, R.E. and Turner, M.E., 2015. A Roadmap for Using Kotter's Organizational Change Model to Build Faculty Engagement in Accreditation.Academy of Educational Leadership Journal,19(3), p.31. Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015.Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. London. Cummings, S., Bridgman, T. and Brown, K.G., 2016. Unfreezing change as three steps: Rethinking Kurt Lewins legacy for change management.human relations,69(1), pp.33-60. Frankland, R., Mitchell, C.M., Ferguson, J.D., Sziklai, A.T., Verma, A.K., Popowski, J.E. and Sturgeon, D.H., Applications In Internet Time, Llc, 2013.Integrated change management unit. U.S. Patent 8,484,111. Handel, D.A. and Steckler, N.A., 2013. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Rounding.Journal of graduate medical education,5(4), pp.705-706. Hornstein, H.A., 2015. The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.291-298. Hornstein, H.A., 2015. The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.291-298. Jacobs, G., van Witteloostuijn, A. and Christe-Zeyse, J., 2013. A theoretical framework of organizational change.Journal of Organizational Change Management,26(5), pp.772-792. Kazmi, S.A.Z. and Naarananoja, M., 2013, January. Comparative approaches of key change management models-a fine assortment to pick from as per situational needs!. InInternational Conference on Business Strategy and Organizational Behaviour (BizStrategy). Proceedings(p. 217). Global Science and Technology Forum. Klein, L., 2013. Implementing an Advanced Computerized Provider Order Entry System to the Neonatal Intensive Care Using Kotter's Change Management Model.Canadian Journal of Nursing Informatics,8(1-2). McAleese, I., Creed, A. and Zutshi, A., 2013. A Response to Critique of the Refreeze Step in Lewins Model of Organizational Change from the Viewpoint of Organizational Behavior.International Journal of the Academy of Organizational Behavior Management, (4), pp.104-124. Mishra, S., 2013, September. Relevance of Kotters Model for Change in Successfully Implementing Lean. InIFIP International Conference on Advances in Production Management Systems(pp. 540-547). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Quinn, D., Amer, Y., Lonie, A., Blackmore, K., Thompson, L. and Pettigrove, M., 2012. Leading change: Applying change management approaches to engage students in blended learning.Australasian Journal of Educational Technology,28(1), pp.16-29. Rosenbaum, D., More, E. and Steane, P., 2016. A longitudinal qualitative case study of change in nonprofits: Suggesting a new approach to the management of change.Journal of Management Organization, pp.1-18. Shah, M.H., 2014. An Application of ADKAR Change Model for the Change Management Competencies of School Heads in Pakistan.Journal of Managerial Sciences,8(1).

Entrepreneurial Orientation and Performance - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Entrepreneurial Orientation and Performance. Answer: Introduction: Human resource management (HRM) is known as key component of every business organizations that works as a link between the organizational authority and staff members (Alusa and Kariuki 2015). The behavior of the staff and quality of the organizational performance both are dependent on the human resource management department of an organization. Many analysts claim that human resource management is a pillar of an organization. There are many studies that have provided an idea over the concept of human resource management and the importance of human resource (HR) practices in the organizational development (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). The following article is discussing about the role of human resource management. To provide a clear picture of human resource management, it has focused on three important articles, such as- how the impact of HR practices on employee well-being and performance changes with age, the link between perceived Human Resource Management practices, engagement and employee behaviour and performance benefits of reward choice: a procedural justice perspective. These articles have concentrated on different aspects human resource management. These three articles - how the impact of HR practices on employee well-being and performance changes with age, the link between perceived Human Resource Management practices, engagement and employee behaviour and performance benefits of reward choice: a procedural justice perspective have enlightened various operational areas of human resource management. According to these articles human resource management influences the growth of every business organizations. The writers of the articles claim that it plays a vital role to operate a business organization successfully. Human resource managers have a great impact on the behavior of the employee of an organization. In this competitive era, every business organization is introducing new strategies in the organization to beat their rivals. HR practices have also become an integral part of the organizational strategy. Organizational management often practices various activities like rewards. Training and development program for the new a nd old employees to improve the performance quality of the employees and motivate them to achieve the desired target. The previously mentioned articles have articulated these aspects of human resource management. According to these articles, it has become very important for every organization to increase employees efficiency to put a strong footprint in the industry. In order to achieve the target every business organization depends on various human resource management department and HR practices (Arulrajah, Opatha and Nawaratne 2016). The authors of the article have stated that human resource management plays dual role. It can influence the present performance of the employees to maintain their performance quality as well as influence the employees to improve the performance quality to reach to the next level. Every organization possesses some long term-goal (Rondeau and Wagar 2016). As opined by the author of the article that the primary objective of the human resource management is to help the organization to achieve the organizational target. It helps the organizational authority to maintain transparent and interactive relation with the employees. According to these articles, every organization focuses on enhancing the skills of the employees to fights against obstacles as well as against other rival companies (Paill et al. 2014). Differences between Three Articles: Instead of having many similarities, there are some issues that distinguish these three articles from one another. The articles - how the impact of HR practices on employee well-being and performance changes with age, the link between perceived Human Resource Management practices, engagement and employee behaviour and performance benefits of reward choice: a procedural justice perspective have focused on different aspects of human resource management. The article how the impact of HR practices on employee well-being and performance changes with age claims that the scenario of human resource management has changed in last few years. This article claims that the primary objective of every business organization is to make huge profit and battle against the competitors to survive in the race. In order to achieve the target, it has become very important for human resource management department to influence the performance of the employees in an effective manner, as the success of the busi ness organization is highly depend on its employees performance. As opined by Dorien T.A.M Kooji, David E. Guest Mike Clinton, Terry Knight, Paul G.W Janse, and Josje S.E Dikkers, the writer of the article human resource management plays a significant role to improve the employees as well as organizational performance (Kooij et al. 2013). The article performance benefits of reward choice: a procedural justice perspective has concentrated on the reward system of an organization. According to the author of the article reward system is highly responsible to enhance the skills of the employees. It motivates the employees to give better performance to achieve the organizational target. Arran Caza, Matthew W. McCarter and Gregory B. Northcraft the author of the article have claimed that every organization must incorporate reward system within the organization to appreciate staff members. Rewards possess two key benefits, such as- it decreases the production cost by retaining skilled and efficient employees, it promotes the brand image of the organization by providing efficient and quality service (Caza, McCarter and Northcraft 2015). The article the link between perceived Human Resource Management practices has discussed about the employee engagement in the organizational structure. Employees are the key element of an organ ization. They must be involved in the organizational decision making process and other operations of an organization. Human resource management plays crucial role in involving employees in the organizational structure. The writers Kerstin Alfes, Amanda Shantz, Catherine Truss and Emma Soane have focused on two aspects organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and turnover intentions. According to the writers human resource management plays significant role in both these sections (Alfes et al. 2013). Although the articles have focused on different aspects to human resource management, there is a common factor in all these articles that is the impact of human resource management in an organizational structure. It stimulates organizational functions (Kehoe and Wright 2013). All the operation of human resource management department is interrelated. The sections that have been discussed in the articles are related to each other- such as employee behavior, employee engagement and reward. In order to engage employees and shape the behavior of the employees the organizational management of various business organizations uses reward system (Sparrow, Brewster and Chung 2016). It influences the dedication of the employees towards the organization and provides sense of importance among the employees. An employee often feels as an important part of the organization by such practices. It improves the performance quality of the employees (Messersmith and Wales 2013). Integration: These three articles are interrelated to each other. It considers human resource management as a key part of the organizational structure (Jackson, Schuler and Jiang 2014). Human resource management department covers almost all the areas of organizational function. The primary objective of the human resource manager is to operate an organization smoothly and maintain healthy relation among the employees and between employees and organizational management (Renwick, Redman and Maguire 2013). In order to achieve the desired target, human resource managers provide rewards to the employees; conduct training and development programs to enhance the skills of the employees. As per these articles it can be stated that organizational managers plays crucial role in shaping the behavior of the employees. By appreciating the employees human resource managers motivate the employees to give their best performance to achieve the organizational goal. Rewards system increases the employee engagement t owards the organization (Jabbour et al. 2013). Through the interpretation of the articles it can be stated that human resource management is a key part of the organizational structure. It has a great impact on the organizational function (Chuang, Chen and Chuang 2013). Any organization that is facing any kind obstacles due to labor union can implement the reward and recognition system in the organization to improve the relation with the employees and overcome all the challenges. To ensure the growth of the organization it is important to meet the satisfaction level of the employees and maintain transparent relation with the employees and labor unions. The business organization must take the help of the human resource manager to appreciate the employees for achieving short term goal. The human resource managers must explain their organizational strategy to their employees. It will provide a transparent picture about the organizational strategy. It will establish a strong relation between the employees and the organizational author ity and help the employees to adopt the change management process in an organization (Budhwar and Debrah 2013). Conclusion: As per the previous discussion, it can be concluded that these articles have provided a clear picture of the human resource management. Human resource management plays a vital role in the development of the organization by shaping the organizational behavior, providing rewards and involving employees in the organizational decision making process. The writers of the articles have stated that organizational management in recent times have become dependent on the on the human resource management department to improve the performance quality of the organization. It enhances the potentiality of the employees by nurturing their skills as well as maintains healthy relation between the two major components of the organization, such as- organizational authority and organizational employees. Reference: Alfes, K., Shantz, A.D., Truss, C. and Soane, E.C., 2013. The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model.The international journal of human resource management,24(2), pp.330-351. Alusa, K. and Kariuki, A., 2015. Human resource management practices, employee outcome and performance of Coffee Research Foundation, Kenya.Human Resource Management,7(3). Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Arulrajah, A.A., Opatha, H.H.D.N.P. and Nawaratne, N.N.J., 2016. Green human resource management practices: a review.Sri Lankan Journal of Human Resource Management,5(1). Budhwar, P.S. and Debrah, Y.A. eds., 2013.Human resource management in developing countries. Routledge. Caza, A., McCarter, M.W. and Northcraft, G.B., 2015. Performance benefits of reward choice: a procedural justice perspective.Human Resource Management Journal,25(2), pp.184-199. Chuang, C.H., Chen, S.J. and Chuang, C.W., 2013. Human resource management practices and organizational social capital: The role of industrial characteristics.Journal of Business Research,66(5), pp.678-687. Jabbour, C.J.C., de Sousa Jabbour, A.B.L., Govindan, K., Teixeira, A.A. and de Souza Freitas, W.R., 2013. Environmental management and operational performance in automotive companies in Brazil: the role of human resource management and lean manufacturing.Journal of Cleaner Production,47, pp.129-140. Messersmith, J.G. and Wales, W.J., 2013. Entrepreneurial orientation and performance in young firms: The role of human resource management.International Small Business Journal,31(2), pp.115-136. Jackson, S.E., Schuler, R.S. and Jiang, K., 2014. An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management.The Academy of Management Annals,8(1), pp.1-56. Kehoe, R.R. and Wright, P.M., 2013. The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors.Journal of management,39(2), pp.366-391. Kooij, D.T., Guest, D.E., Clinton, M., Knight, T., Jansen, P.G. and Dikkers, J.S., 2013. How the impact of HR practices on employee well?being and performance changes with age.Human Resource Management Journal,23(1), pp.18-35. Paill, P., Chen, Y., Boiral, O. and Jin, J., 2014. The impact of human resource management on environmental performance: An employee-level study.Journal of Business Ethics,121(3), pp.451-466. Renwick, D.W., Redman, T. and Maguire, S., 2013. Green human resource management: A review and research agenda.International Journal of Management Reviews,15(1), pp.1-14. Rondeau, K.V. and Wagar, T.H., 2016. Human resource management practices and nursing turnover.Journal of Nursing Education and Practice,6(10), p.101. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C. and Chung, C., 2016.Globalizing human resource management. Routledge.

Allegory and Satire in Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels Essays

Allegory and Satire in Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver's Travels" is not merely the story of "Gulliver's Travels" visits to the four islands but it tells something more significance. Some critics interpret the work as an allegory and also as a political satire. Firstly, an allegory is a form of extended metaphor, in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative, are equated with the meanings that lie outside the narrative itself. The underlying meaning has a moral, social, religious, or political significance, and characters are often personifications of abstract ideas as charity, greed, or envy. Thus an allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. Moreover, writers use allegory to add different layers of meanings to their works. Allegory makes their stories and characters multidimensional, so that they stand for. Allegory allows writers to put forward their moral and political point of views. A careful study of an allegorical piece of writing can give us an insight into its writer's mind as how he views the world and how he wishes the world to be. Secondly, satire is an attack on or criticism of any stupidity or vice in the form of scathing humor, or a critique of what the author sees as dangerous religious, political, moral, or social standards. Satire became an especially popular technique used during the Enlightenment, in which it was believed that an artist could correct folly by using art as a mirror to reflect society. When people viewed the satire and saw their faults magnified in a distorted reflection, they could see how ridiculous their behavior was and then correct that tendency in themselves. On the one hand, Gullivers Travels is an allegorical work. This allegory has been divided into four sections referring to four voyages of the protagonist Gulliver. Gulliver gives the detailed account of his visits to four different islands and tells about the various experiences he had undergone during the visits. He meets different people on different islands and studies their lifestyles. In other words, everything in it cannot be taken literally except by children. The mature reader will understand that swift has a serious moral purpose in writing those accounts of the voyages of Gulliver to different lands. An allegory conveys its meaning in a hidden manner not in an obvious manner. The real meaning, in an allegory does not lie on the surface but is hidden below the surface which we must probe swift is here mocking at the way human things behave. We find in the book a merciless exposure of different categories and classes of people kings, queens, politicians, lawyers, physicians, scientists, and others. There is hardly any institution in the civilized life of the European countries that escapes the scrutiny and the scathing criticism of swift much of the condemnation of human society and human institutions is expressed in comic terms, but much of it is offensive and corrosive. The voyage to Liliput in part-1 of the book contains the story of Gullivers shipwreck and his early adventures among the pigmies. In this part, as soon as swift turns to describe the politics of Liliput, that country ceases to be a kind of utopia and becomes the England of swifts time. A Lilliputian lord tells Gulliver: We labor under two mighty evils a violent faction at home and the danger of an invasion by a most potent enemy from abroad. The Lilliputian lord goes on to refer to the two struggling parties one party distinguished by its high - heeled shoes and the other by its low - heeled shoes. The reference obviously is to the High church and Low Church parties, or the Tories and the Whigs. The potent enemy from abroad is the island of Blefuscu which stands for France with whom England had been engaged in an obstinate struggle for a whole generation. Thus, the story of Gullivers first voyage becomes a kind of political allegory. The Emperor of Liliput would in that case be a por trayal of Gearge-1 who is a supporter of the Whigs by his determination to make use of only low-heels in the administration to the government and himself wearing heels lower than any member

Teenage Magazines Lie essays

Teenage Magazines Lie essays In the Magazine (Cosmo Girl (UK) aimed at 14-17 year olds there are many summer images as its June issue and it is summer in the UK. The girls featured seem to look quite young in most of the photos. But there are some older girls advertising swimwear and are said to be models. These models with their flawless skin and tight bodies all from what I can see are about the same shape and size. They are no bigger than a size 10, look carefree and happy, tanned at the beach and swimwear advertisements, pretty and have a look that says Im popular and have lots of friends. Most of the models have either blonde or brown hair with highlights and there flawless faces have shinny bronze glaze upon them. I think that these images appeal to the eye but arent realistic. The models look even prettier because the photographer who posed them has the models looking as though they are having fun with friends, laughing and popular. You may think the lip gloss looks beach touched and summer kissed on the model so you buy it, but the reason its so perfect in the picture is only because it gets touched up but because the models look like they are having a good time and stereotyped as popular (as they are pictured with friends, fun-loving (as they are smiling), fashionable (in the lattest brands), and girls think to get more friends and even a boyfriend they have to be like this. lives so they look gorgeous, dreamy and desirable. The models skin isnt how it seems in the photo either. At school we do photography we touch up our images of trees for instance and why dont we realize that the photographers and multi media specialists are doing exactly by the same to the so called dream girls we see wearing the latest billabong swimmers in magazines. I think hair can make or break an outfit. Many underestimate the dangers teen magazines hold and harmful effects they can have on todays teens. Cosmo girl portrays slim, beautif...

Does Proper Education On Pros And Cons Of Neonatal Circumcision Help Research Paper

Does Proper Education On Pros And Cons Of Neonatal Circumcision Help Parents Make A Better Decision On The Procedure - Research Paper Example In the United States, more than half of newborn male babies are circumcised although the numbers have been dwindling in current times (Androus, 2011). Notably, there are no religious or medical reasons compelling the parents who circumcise their male babies to do so, implying these circumcisions are nonmedical and non-religious. Whether there should be educational programs guide parents on neonatal circumcision and its benefits and cons has been the subject of heated debates in the health sector and the public sphere for quite some time pitting the opponents and the proponents of education on neonatal circumcision against each other. While some support neonatal circumcision as good for newborns’ health, others oppose it, making parents even more confused about the procedure. They hence make decisions on neonatal circumcision based on what their friends and relatives feel, think, and say. That is, their decision is not influenced by well-informed expert opinion; rather, it is t he emotionality with which their friends and relatives advise them that determines their decision (Aston, 2002). For parents to have a good understanding and perception of neonatal circumcision and its pros and cons and to make the right decisions, education and other awareness programs are highly recommended (Aston, 2002). That neonatal circumcision has become a rather controversial and fiercely debated health and social issue is evident in the many literary works that research and publish on neonatal circumcision. Literature Review A quick review of literatures available on neonatal circumcision and circumcision in general reveals that both the pros and cons of neonatal circumcision have been covered in equal measures. Specifically, a lot of literatures covering the pros and cons of neonatal circumcision touch on its health care implications. There are several advantages newborn male babies and their parents could derive from neonatal circumcision. First, neonatal circumcision is an easier procedure compared to later life circumcision since the circumcised penis is allegedly easier to care for in early stages of growth and development. Second, circumcised babies report less incidences of urinary tract infections compared to uncircumcised children. The other general benefits of circumcised penis are greater extent of protection against sexually-transmitted diseases, penile cancer, and future complications such as failure to retract the foreskin and tight foreskin (Cheng et al., 2006). Literatures also cover the cons of neonatal circumcision for which mothers should not circumcise newborn babies. These disadvantages include infections, excessive bleeding during the procedure, and accidental snipping of the glans or disproportional cutting of the foreskin so that it becomes either quite long or short. There could also be complications such as penile adhesions, scars, and tags that may necessitate surgery in future. Newborn male babies may also react adversely t o anesthetic medications used in neonatal circumcision procedures. Removing the foreskin could also make these babies’ private parts prone to stresses and friction as the glans would not be shielded from friction from clothing and kept moist and sensitive (Cheng et al., 2006). As mentioned earlier, opinions vary on the pros and cons of neonatal circumcision and it is imperative that parents seek divergent opinions on the matter before authorizing its performance on their newborns (Cheng et al., 20

Questionnaire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Questionnaire - Essay Example derage Drinking, 2006) Even though drinking is prohibited legally for under aged children in many countries, it is a well known fact that many children usually consumes alcohol before they reaches the legal age for drinking. Under aged children many not have the maturity to control their emotions under the influence of alcohol and hence there is an increased probability for them to engage in anti social activities and hence this research has immense importance in contemporary society. â€Å"It is now commonly believed that the average young person will have seen 100,000 beer commercials between the age of two and eighteen† (Hanson, 1997) The legal age for drinking is different in different countries; ranging from 0 to 21. United States has the highest drinking age in the world where only those who have completed 21 years of age can drink legally. But in countries like China, Thailand and Viet Nam, there is no age restriction for drinking. In Austria Italy like countries the legal age for drinking is 16 whereas in Argentina and Israel it is 18 years. (Hanson, 1997) The questionnaire has been made simple and multiple choices were given to make the answer simple. The questions were made after discussions with some experts who have already studied this subject. This research has been conducted mainly online. The questionnaire given at the end of this paper has been published on internet and the data collected from the respondents. Children who are from UK, between the ages of 12 – 18 were asked to participate in this research. This research was limited to UK children in order to standardize the results. Moreover around 2000 children of the same age group have been approached directly by visiting schools located at different parts of the country and collected information regarding their drinking habits. All in all around 12500 data has been collected totally. The data has showed that around 6750 (54%) of the respondents drink at least once daily. Around 3200

Moral Permissibility of Deriving Stem Cells from Surplus Embryos Essay

Moral Permissibility of Deriving Stem Cells from Surplus Embryos - Essay Example One way to cure this disease is by transplantation of the pancreatic islet cell, the availability of the donated organs is very less for transplant. The stem cells if are induced to differentiate into functional islet cells in the lab, they may form a renewable source for transplantation, allowing this cell-based treatment to become available on a practical scale. (Mastroieni, n.d.) "Recent reports suggest that one of the most promising potential treatments may come from the use of stem cells, undifferentiated cells that can be coaxed into becoming insulin-producing islet-like cells that reduce diabetes symptoms in mice." (Mastroieni, n.d.) Spare embryos, the principal source of embryonic stem cells, are the unavoidably surplus unions of sperm and egg produced in fertility clinics. The embryos are often stored for years and ultimately discarded (Wade, 1999). Then it should not be a problem to use these spare embryos as they will ultimately be discarded anyways. One of the basic arguments for the moral permissibility of the use of these embryos are that the cost of destroying them is far less than the cost of the personal, social and economic costs of the diseases that these stem cells can cure. They can not be equaled to human life, even though they are living things. Some embryos do not even implant after conceived. In some countries it is legal to have an abortion; here the embryo is anyways going to waste. It would be better to utilize these embryos for research and cures rather than just throwing them. Embryonic stem cells can treat a larger number of diseases because they have greater plasticity, and divide more rapidly than adult stem cells. The embryo is taken before the primitive streak is formed. Until then it can be one individual which can separate into two and become twins, or it can be two embryos which can combine and form into one. Thus taking an embryo at this time does not account it as a human being. The number of people affected by diabetes alone is 190 million people around the world. This disease can lead to death and serious complications are common. These stem cells have the ability to cure many diseases not just diabetes. Another thing to keep in mind is that if it were so wrong, the government would never allow research to happen on such things in the first place. Women who give their surplus embryos are not forced into doing so. Rules can be introduced to control the process so that misuse of these embryos does not take place. One such law suggested by Louis M. Guenin is, "The government shall support biomedical research using human embryos that, before or after formation, have been donated to medicine under donor instructions forbidding intrauterine transfer." This way the donor has full control over what happens with the embryos even after it is implanted into another human being. The arguments against the moral permissibility of deriving stem cells from surplus embryos are that some of these embryos may be helpful during research but when used on actual human beings could be dangerous. Apart from this there may be genetic side effects because of manipulation. An example is the recent successes in reprogramming skin cells by fusing them with embryonic stem cells leave scientists wondering whether the genome of the original somatic cell might be 'contaminated' by the embryonic stem cel

The Economic Importance Of Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay

The Economic Importance Of Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay The hospitality industry is growing very rapidly and contributing nearly 10 % of the worlds GDP (Boella, 2000). In the last decades the hospitality industry has got much importance of vigorous process of expansion. Consequently the hospitality industry is expanding globally and promoting its growth in a changing multicultural environment. Hospitality is being built at regional, national and global levels. Internationally oriented hospitality industry with different companies competes also locally and regionally. A great number of indicators show the sign of economic growth predicted by the International Monetary Fund and this growth will be distributed unevenly in developing countries (6.4 %) and (2.2 %) in advanced nations. Hospitality industry constitutes many subsectors; hotels and restaurant is one of most source of economic growth. Tourism and Hospitality The terms tourism and hospitality are co-related and grouped together as a single industry. However these both hospitality and tourism industries are viewed as two individual sectors. There exist overlapping between these two. Tourism is defined as the persons travel and goes for the places outside of their usual environment for less than one year to accomplish their business purpose and for leisure; they are not employed there on visiting places. Hospitality is the provision of the accommodations, venues, meals and drinks to those people who are out of their homes. People of UK enjoy these services and also other non-resident residents. Both of these industries cover the restaurants, accommodations, hotels and other exhibition activities. Tourism is not the subsector of the Hospitality merely a source of the tourist services. In this way we have made a clear difference between two overlapping industries (www.baha-uk.org). We carry on our subject further to complete the task of hospi tality and its subsectors. Hospitality industry may include the following sectors. Licensed clubs Food shops Catering activities In-house catering Exhibition and fair organizers activities Activities of conference organizers Other food services These are the areas of the hospitality industry which provide the services in different ways. Hospitality is the focal point in those countries where tourism is the major export industry. Cross border flow of business people and capitals has flourished the hospitality industry. The hospitality is the main source of foreign currency exchange and largest employers to employ the workforce. Hospitality brings the different cultures together in global community. Countries suffering from trade balances look the hospitality and tourism to close the gap. Therefore the hospitality is a not concept but it is a driving force in the global market. Lifestyle and globalization of business is communicated in foreign languages and coping with different political and social systems. Hospitality companies require the globally think to survive and competing hospitality organizations work maturely in UK and U.S. The companies competing in all aspects of the hospitality industry will move across their na tional boundaries. The view that in future the global entities with advantages will compete due to globalization is in not acceptable. Hotels are classified on the base of the season and services as we can distinguish between the Motel 6 and four season hotels. The Marriot Company is well established and covers the price and service levels and serves the extended stay and luxury vacation segment. Marriot hotels Resorts and Suits Courtyard by Marriot Spring Hill suits by Marriot Marriot Conference centers Marriot Vacation Club International Residence Inn by Marriot Marriot operates and owns a luxury group of hotels as a segment of market. The hotel chains grew after the Second World War and more greatly in the following two decades. The trend to rise beyond the national boundaries is due to pressure of growing hotel companies. These companies march to reach the critical point where the property is sufficient to satisfy the tourism and providing their needs. Hotel sub sector of hospitality may reach to a point where no other option for the customer is left. The hotel market which is set in America and their leadership may cast attention to potential for moving it into Asia/Pacific markets to compete the regional companies. These global Hospitality companies introduce the global brands and products to their customers. Large numbers of hotels have developed the single brands and products in a very uniform fashion in global market. It is also observed that tourists and travelers are in demand of unique local products from the hospitality industry. In response the global companies have tried in a way to reflect in a local design. The hospitality sector (hotel and restaurant) are the essential components of this industry. Luxury hotels with other services like beds, breakfast, inns and also cover wide range of accommodation services. The International Hotel and Restaurant Association (IHRA) has represented the hospitality industry at global level. Hotel developments are important for the new opportunities of jobs and stimulate the local economies. Generally hotels provide the two types of the services: (i) accommodation and (ii) dining services. Customers of this industry include the foreign visitors, domestic households and institutional buyers. Competitive pricing, availability of services and extent free services are the main three factors which affect the lodging facilities and selection of hotels. In the past five years the visitors have been growing at the annual rate of 9%. Hotels are the main and popular source of accommodations for more than 50% of foreign visitors. Due to increased demand of accommodations the every segment of the hotel industry has been steady expanded. It is estimated that hospitality economy will be grown to 2.8 million jobs by 2015 in UK. Hospitality and Hotels We are interested to know about the business types of the business covered by the large resort hotels. Hotel provision comes into general context of hospitality with many dimensions providing the shelter and body comforts. Hotels and other establishment catered for those mobile people who go for their personal and work lives. It was recorded that total of nearly 700 million tourist have arrived at international level. This data shows the 241.5 million increases for the last ten years and annual growth rate approached at 4.9%. Most important region where tourist arrived was the Europe with 4.5% annual change in market growth less than the Middle East (10.7%), Eastern Asia and Africa with 6.6% growth and Western Asia (8.8%) (Brotherton, 2000). Availability of capital is very crucial and key drive for the hotel development and hotel companies. The main source for the hotel development comes from the personal support, loans, investing companies, stock and shares and governments. Hospitality and Employment Hospitality is providing more than 10% employment in UK approximately to 2.5 million people. The hospitality business can be divided into two main categories. Firstly the hospitality business (clubs, bars, restaurants, hotels and contract catering), it accounted the two third of this industry. Secondly hospitality services like food outlets and hospitals and account one third of the industry. There are full time and part time employed persons in this sector of the hospitality. It is noted that employment depends upon the working conditions found in the industry as weekends, long hours and other flexibilities (Flynn et al, 2000). Catering Restaurant Accommodation Hotels Transport Visitor attractions Consumer Recreational facilities Government Intermediaries Miscellaneous Services Figure 1: Industrial sector of leisure and Hospitality The above figure shows the major components of the leisure industry and consumers such as tourists or travelers are the focal point of this industry. Different sizes organizations develop the international market with hundreds of leisure products. These organizations work locally as well as globally in public and commercial sectors. Large leisure product providing companies recognize their targeted customers and think about the things across national boundaries. Global fast food chains are now common in Europe market for the global fast food chains. Due to development and openness of this growth in world has made rapid growth in their economies. The rapid growth of franchised fast foods at the McDonalds, Burger King and Pizza Hut have invited the youth of America and all around the world to see the culture. Hospitality industry keeps the hotel business with different products, methods, and technology and less easy to analyze it. Hotel industry produces many products in varying sale markets of the world. It keeps close contacts with its customers who consume the products at the sale points. Importance of Hotels Hotels are important globally as providing the facilities for recreation and entertainment, meeting and conferences and business transmission. When hotels are essential for the economies and societies are appropriate to transport. Hotels contribute the output of goods and related services which build well-being of their nations and communities. Visitors spend the hotels and contribute the local economies directly and indirectly. When foreign visitors avail the facilities of these hotels the foreign currency is earned through the visitors payments. Hospitality industry becomes the source of employment especially for the labors and management. Thousands of jobs are provided to locals as well as foreigners by these hotels in its different occupations. Hotels are also an alternative source for the locals as amenities. Many hotels are the social centre of their communities (Medlik Hadyn Ingram, 2002). In UK the hospitality industry is spread and generates the wealth and employment. It becomes the source where jobs are most required in highlands of Scotland to the South West of England and on major cities like London and Edinburgh. Small enterprises have also strengthened the social fabric of local communities in UK. Hospitality industry has seen many ups and down in UK during the twentieth century and world leading nations have seen many changes in society. Improvements in economy have paved the way for enhancement in living standards for the majority of people residing in those countries. Many social changes for the industrys operators are observed including the increased disposable incomes, cheaper and easier travel and more leisure time. The rise in standards of living by hospitality industry varies providing services and products, employment and leisure services. For the tourism the catering; hotel industry is very essential element and considered to be very fastest growing industry and earning the foreign currency. According to British Hospital Association the total value of tourism was estimated 76 billion GBP in UK during the 2003. Cafe, Public houses, in house catering facilities and restaurant were used by the tourists or the people study in the cities other than their homes. People lik e to eat the meal at these places instead of their homes. In recent years the hospitality industry has made growth in products and services and larger companies are in effort to improve the wages and other conditions of employees. It is noted that most employees generate 40,000 GBP for their employer per year, 10% to 40% labor charges and remainder goes to property costs, fixed cost and profit and material costs. Many changes are expected in hospitality industry in future (Mullins, et. al, 2001). Women are main workforce in hospitality in UK and expect that more progress will be made by the time of the Paralympics Games in 2012. Other significant advantage of this hospitality industry is to recruit the people with few or no qualification and giving them chance to make progress. It is clear from the above discussion that hospitality is major source of income where this industry is established for the services and products in global market. We have largely discussed the contribution o f the hospitality industry in the economy of UK. According to British Hospitality Association more than 500,000 employees are engaged in the Hospitality industry of UK. BHA is launching a new opportunity of partnership between government and industry to make shared efforts to achieve the desired and sustainable growth of economy of UK (http://www.bha.org.uk). Conclusions In this paper we have discussed the hospitality industry and its major contributions towards the economic growth at local, regional and global level. A clear distinction between hospitality and tourism industry is proven with key examples. One of subsector of the hospitality hotel and restaurant is given with statistics and figures. The impacts of hospitality industry at global level are positive and UK is forefront to get the benefits from this industry. Main advantages of hospitality industry are also part of this paper.

The Weakness of Human Nature in Dantes Inferno Essay -- Human Weaknes

Dante's "Inferno" is full of themes. But the most frequent is that of the weakness of human nature. Dante's descent into hell is initially so that Dante can see how he can better live his life, free of weaknesses that may ultimately be his ticket to hell. Through the first ten cantos, Dante portrays how each level of his hell is a manifestation of human weakness and a loss of hope, which ultimately Dante uses to purge and learn from. Dante, himself, is about to fall into the weaknesses of humans, before there is some divine intervention on the part of his love Beatrice, who is in heaven. He is sent on a journey to hell in order for Dante to see, smell, and hear hell. As we see this experience brings out Dante's weakness' of cowardice, wrath and unworthiness. He is lead by Virgil, who is a representation of intellect. Through Dante's experiences he will purge his sins. Within Canto 1, we see Dante leaving a dark forest. This forest represents all the human vices and corruption, a place similar to hell (canto 1, line 1-5, Alighieri). Dante wants to reach the hill top, where is sunny and warm, rather than be in the damp and cold forest. The hill top represents happiness and is a metaphor for heaven. But his path is stopped by three animals: a leopard (canto 1, line 25, Alighieri ) , lion (canto 1, line 36 Alighieri ) and she wolf (canto 1, line 38-41, Alighieri ). Each one represents a human weakness: the leopard is lust, the lion pride and the she wolf is avarice. They show that on the earthly plain human sin is a continual and harmful temptation. These animals try to strip him of his hope, his hope in the fact that he will some day be in heaven with God. They are temptations to lead him away and block his way to the hill top. Th... ... shall see, will change and become the man that Beatrice wanted, and it's all by choice and by rejection of hell and all that the dark forest entails. Work Cited Alighieri, Dante. "The Inferno." The Divine Comedy. Trans. John Ciardi. New York: First New American Library Printing, 2003. Work Consulted Lummus, David. "Dante’s Inferno: Critical Reception and Influence." Dantes Inferno. Engerda: Arun, 2000. 63-79. Print. Internet Sources Consulted Brown, Sapphire M. "Referenes to Dantes Inferno." Humanities 360. 8 Jan. 2009. Web. 27 Apr. 2015. â€Å"Dante Alghieri and The Divine Comedy.† Vision.org. Vision.org: 2013. Web. 27 Apr. 2015. "Dante Alighieri." Poets.org. Academy of American Poets, n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2015. Wetherbee, Winthrop. "Dante Alighieri." Stanford University. Stanford University, 29 Jan. 2001. Web. 27 Apr. 2015.

Costa Coffee Essay

The remote environment comprises factors that originate beyond and usually irrespective and out of Costa Coffee’s control. Economic factors Since Costa Coffee is a multinational business, top-level managers must consider the economic situations on both the National (Egypt) and International levels. Currencies exchange rate (Forex) affects Costa Coffee’s final products’ prices as well as operation costs. Costa Coffee imports high quality coffee beans from rainforest farms where it pays for in local currency, and sells as coffee in another country with its local country. Hence, when the Egyptian Pound depreciates, the cost of beans relatively increases; therefore, causing a fall in profit margin and vice versa. If depreciation is too much, then Costa might increase its selling prices. Moreover, interest rate is vital for a business considering expansion as Costa Coffee. As interest rates increase, Costa Coffee’s ability and willingness to expand or open new branches decreases; due to the high cost of capital. Furthermore, the stock market plays a significant role in encouraging investors to invest in Costa Coffee due to the increasing profits and the good reputation. Finally, high economic growth rate of a country leads people to increase their consumption of Costa Coffee’s products; since they have more income. Social Factors Egyptians’ culture and lifestyle has dramatically changed in the last 10 years. People are more willing to go to cafes for lunch, dinner or simply a snack. Considering the Egyptian demographics of lifestyle and age groups, most of the Egyptian population falls in the youth age group. Hence, Costa Coffee plays music and offers an atmosphere that is convenient for all ages with special attention to youth. Costa Coffee respects the religion of each nation in which it operates. To clarify, Costa Coffee neither sells alcoholic drinks nor pork-containing food. In addition, Costa Coffee’s menu is written in both English and Arabic languages. English is the most widely spoken language, and Egypt is known as a touristic attraction. Plus, Egyptians like to come across a menu written in their own language for simplicity and showing cultural respect. Also, many people nowadays are concerned with their health; Costa Coffee is providing low-calorie food, a variety of fresh salads, sandwiches, and fresh fruit juice. Political Factors Governmental rules and regulations could affect the firm’s suppliers and the price of the raw materials. Imposed taxes or tariffs on the imported coffee beans add to raw materials cost. Rules regarding social insurance add to labor costs. Political instability and strikes do affect labor and consumers of Costa Coffee. Technological Factors Advanced machines affect the firm’s performance and efficiency through producing tasty coffee as quick as possible. High quality and speed of service affects customer satisfaction and loyalty. Costa Coffee uses highly advanced brewers and coffee makers for the best coffee cup. Besides, the use of the Internet to facilitate transactions between Costa and its suppliers lowers transaction costs and decreases lead time. As a result, stakeholders are more satisfied with increased profits and lower costs. Ecological Factors Costa Coffee uses recyclable paper bags and paper cups. And, it tries to reduce its energy consumption as steps towards a greener environment. It also ensures adherence to responsible farming practices, so that natural habitats are protected thereby reducing deforestation and carbon emissions. Furthermore, Costa is working to deliver green (LEED) certification for new stores beginning later this year and is working closely with its suppliers to develop more environmentally friendly packaging. Industry Environment Operating Environment A firm’s operating environment is related to environmental factors that directly affect the firm and its success in obtaining necessary resources. Yet, they are still factors beyond its area of control. 1. Competitors Costa coffee in Egypt faces high direct competition where around almost every corner in the cities, a coffee shop exists. Therefore, product differentiation is a must, and persistent high-quality is the way to keeping customers. Whichever Costa Coffee shop you enter, you are greeted the same, indulge in the same taste and pay what you see in the menu. Menu prices are tax inclusive which is different than most of other coffee shops. Competitors include, but are not limited to, Starbucks Coffee, Cilantro and Beano’s cafe. Creditors Costa’s past payment records and working capital position are the main attributes affecting creditors decisions. Considering the Egyptian markets, banks are not rare to find. Costa might be dealing with several banks, and may be granted loans from several areas. Hence, creditors have little leverage; since interest rates are controlled by central bank of Egypt as well. Customers Costa coffee is a service firm. Therefore, its utmost goal is customer satisfaction and loyalty to yield profits. Constantly monitoring Egypt’s demographics is essential in keeping a convenient atmosphere. For instance, Costa must always recognise what the youth are listening to these days to be able to play the optimum collection of songs in its branches while abiding by the brand’s image. Accessibility of location and parking spaces are of the main issues regarded by people when deciding on their hang-outs. And, the customer buyer behaviour of whether they prefer more salads and sandwiches rather than desserts; affects how much of each should be available at Costa’s branches. Labor Costa’s reputation and image is kept through its workers. Costa has to respect labor rights especially now that people are more aware of the rights than ever before. Also, Costa has to be selective in its waiters and baristas to keep the brand’s image and reputation. As a result of Costa’s reputation, highly-qualified workers apply for jobs at Costa Coffee. Suppliers Supplier relationships are as important as customer relationships. A good supplier relationships decreases yield time and enhances firm’s productivity. In Costa’s case, supplier power is not high as Costa has multiple suppliers, with low switching costs. However, supplier relationships are well-attended to at Costa Coffee; as part of its social responsibility towards coffee-growing countries.

My Big Fat Greek America essays

My Big Fat Greek America essays Joel Zwicks, My Big Fat Greek Wedding is making all the noise in dinner conversations of Greek American households. To the average person this romantic comedy is like all others, but to Greek Americans it is a documentary of a typical Greek family in the United States. It has all the elements of a normal romantic comedy but adds a little twist. It is the typical girl meets guy, girl falls in love with guy and girl marries guy with a little extra. Its more like Greek girl meets xeni(strange, foreign, not Greek) guy, Greek girl falls in love with xeni, family doesnt accept guy because hes not Greek, girl struggles with situation but ends up like all the rest; girl marries guy. Toula Portokalos (Nia Vardalos) is 30, single, Greek, and is a waitress or should I say seating hostess in her family's restaurant, Dancing Zorba's, in Chicago. All her father Gus (Michael Constantine) wants is for her to get married to a nice Greek boy. A Greek womens job is to marry a Greek boy, make Greek babies and feed everyone till the day they die. But Toula is looking for more in life. Her mother (Laine Kazan) convinces Gus to let her take some computer classes at college, making him think it's his idea, but remember the man is the head of the house but the women is the neck and the neck can turn the head anyway it wants. After getting experience by taking those classes, Toula begins a new job running her aunt Voulas (Andrea Martin) travel agency, again making her father think it's his idea. She meets Ian Miller (John Corbett), a teacher, and a dreamboat that she had made a fool of herself over at the restaurant; they date secretly for a while before her family finds out. H er father is beside himself over her dating a non-Greek, blaming himself for her misfortunes. He has to learn to accept Ian; Ian has to learn to accept Toula's huge family which is unlik...

Body Parts in Japanese Vocabulary

Body Parts in Japanese Vocabulary Body parts are important terms to know, regardless of the language you are speaking. And Japanese is no exception. Whether you want to say the Japanese word for head (atama),  hair (kami), or even the toe (tsumasaki), its important not just to know their  meanings, but to be able to pronounce each body part correctly. Parts of the Body (Karada Bubun) The table below presents the Japanese words for body parts, with the Japanese word written in Latin script (romaji) on the left, followed by the body part listed in Japanese letters (kanji), with the English translation on the right. Click the links to hear the correct pronunciations. karada body atama head kami hair kao face hitai forehead me eye mayu eyebrow mabuta eyelid matusge eyelash hana nose mimi ear kuchi mouth kuchibiru lip ha teeth shita tongue nodo throat ago jaw kubi neck kata shoulder ude arm hiji elbow te hand yubi finger tsume nail mune chest senaka back onaka stomach hiza knee ashikubi ankle kakato heel tsumasaki toe

Copmleat my resarch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Copmleat my resarch - Essay Example The participation was anonymous. The questions used in the interviews were semi-structured. The first part of the interview consisting of six questions involved gathering some demographic data of the subjects. Some of this data is summarised in the table below. Personal names and the departments they work in are not included. This was followed by the further questions directly related to the purpose. Gender Age Home town University Interviewee 1 Male 39 Jeddah King Abdul Aziz University Interviewee 2 Male - Jeddah King Abdul Aziz University Interviewee 3 Interviewee 4 Findings from interviewee 1 The actual responses from the first interview are contained in Appendix B1. A summary follows. The department at King Abdul Aziz University began offering rich educational resources in multiple media for both real-time and asynchronous communication between instructors and learners nearly five years ago. Their distance education students receive the same, and their academic programmes are ful l of activities, animations and simulations. Student participation takes place through online discussions and group assignments and the material is available all the time from anywhere at their own convenience. The deanship is actively involved in research projects to ascertain student levels and satisfaction, and feedback ensures continuous improvement. Experiences are also shared with other institutions to develop collaboration and learn new things. The department’s objectives and goal is to â€Å"effectively contribute and support scientific development witnessed by the kingdom in general and King Abdulaziz University in particular†. Thirteen services are listed under the departmental contributions, which include (but are not limited to) the following: Provision of technical services Supervision of software programs and database Maintenance and monitoring of distance learning systems Updating software programs for raising the efficiency of educational processes The web applications in use by the department are an e-learning management electronic system (EMES), a virtual classroom system called CENTRA, the KAU electronic exam system and mobile learning. EMES is an integrated computer system for managing the educational process and facilitate interaction between students and faculty members. The CENTRA allows for instructors and students to participate in real time lessons and discussions with the aim to improve students’ learning experience. It is accessible via the Internet 24/7, and during the sessions, all tools are accessible at the discretion of the instructors such as questioning, drawing and participation. The KAU electronic exam is designed to provide an interactive experience for periodic tests and end of semester exams. The material is motivating and provides accurate data. It assesses achievement and provides reliable data. KAU also has plans to introduce mobile learning for mobile phones to enable to students to learn at thei r convenience. The method used for managing web projects is PMP. The website is updated whenever the need arises or new events occur and a link is available on the site to measure user satisfaction. The interviewee among a web development group used these methods. Its advantages are that everything is clear and there is a big documentation. As far as using agile methods is concerned, the interviewee had used it over a year ago but did not have much information about it and was not sure which kind

Global Capital Markets Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Capital Markets - Research Paper Example nturn in many Asian countries financial systems in the world were erected in the past few years when such nations experienced the unmatched growth of other nations as well as the European Central Bank (Hill, 2011). Therefore, ICBC explored this lucrative opportunity to counteract these problems outline in many global economic as well as financial situation as it stressed the financial commitment to international financial industries. The foreign financial commitments established by the ICBC had several advantages. Following the property problems that US had experienced, the ICBC invested considerably in United States economic system. ICBC forecasted equities and liabilities will showcase lower rates. The ICBC declined the costs and assisted enhance economic and financial solutions resulting from their finding source plants. Such synergies as well as industry connections they established culminated into enhanced general banking practices as well as a particular competition of the ICBC banking assets as clearance brokers. Also, the move culminated to ICCB’s overall balance with the assistance of different income streams offered throughout the globe (Hill, 2011). Also, since ICBC had a variety of product as well as avenues for finances the benefited from the constant enhancement in profit thus helping in the recruitment and retaining of their client’s commitment. Furthermore, the ICBC market transition with a variety of financial institution they were dealing with was among the many advantages that was derived from the alterations within the commerce policies as well as the success of consolidated and segmented financial funding sources. Whereas the submissions with appropriate limitations as well as authorization led to new corporate structures of the ICBC Financial organizations accomplishing to gain full commercial advantages. The economic opportunities, as well as financial aid towards several financial institutions, culminated into ICBC being the leading

Human Behavior Experiment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Behavior Experiment - Essay Example The video builds insight, using the two cases, on the bystander effect phenomenon (The Human Behavior Experiments, 2014). The video explains that individuals will follow authority even when the person is aware that it will result in a negative experience. The Milgram’s experiment was responsible for such a study whereby electric shocks were thought to be administered whenever the learner failed to answer the questions correctly. In addition, the Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) by Zimbardo supplemented the study by illustrating that people would continuously follow authority blindly. The reason for such an act is that the people with authority are thought of being morally correct. As such, people are obliged to follow the orders given by such people in the case where they think disobedience would have dire consequences. As such, authority is deemed to be legally based and individuals have a responsibility to respond to legitimate authority. The documentary applies to criminal justice in the sense that every individual is liable to any misfortunes that occur in their presence if it is deemed that they acted in an ignorant and negligent manner. As such, it is a criminal offence to abscond or fail to help an individual who needs urgent help before his or her demise. In addition, the law enforcers are responsible for mitigating crime. As such, failing to incorporate them to a criminal activity constitutes a crime against the state; hence, a criminal offence. Individuals have a sole responsibility to report cases of criminal activities, lest they stand liable to any misfortunes. Authorities ought to know their roles when handling wrongdoers. As such, suspects or prisoners would never have to comply with harsh orders from the officers. In addition, there ought to be platforms for reporting cases of immorality that force individuals to obey commands blindly. It is prudent to note that individuals have a responsibility to apply moral judgment beyond the legal

Is Scott Electronics plcs current human resources strategy effective Essay Example for Free

Is Scott Electronics plcs current human resources strategy effective Essay To what extent do you think that Scott Electronics plc’s current human resources strategy is effective? (18) Human resource strategy is how a business sees its employees from different business point of view and they are seen as resources to complete the business objectives. Firstly the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is very effective because the firm’s labour productivity is very high with 105 compared to the industry average which is 100. This is very effective as it shows the level of recruitment and the staff the business is recruiting is doing very well which has a positive effect in the recruitment section therefore this will make the company recruit more staff which will increase the productivity of the business. Also the bonuses which is 40% and its 20% higher than the industry average, this shows that the bonuses are keeping the firms employees motivated and it drives them to work harder which mean there will be a increase in productivity and if productivity increases it will have a positive effect on the sales revenue as the company will sell more items which will increase the sales revue and profit. Also another reason why the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is very effective because it has a very unique centralised organisational structure. A centralised structure is where the entire decision making is done from the top of the hierarchy. This is an effective strategy because the entire decision making can be done from the main person who is in charge and it can be done very quickly without going through any difficulties. This is very effective because staff can work through the business objective rather than stressing on the extra responsibility they have on their shoulders which will make them stress free and become more productive. Also they can be told what to do and the managers will have control over their workforce so that employees are less likely to make mistakes or make wrong decisions which will make a negative impact the on the businesses performance. However the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is not that effective because high numbers of employees are on temporary contract which is 75% compared to the industry average which is 25%. This is bad for the business because it will make employees feel that the job security is not there and they are not guaranteed the job which the business can tell the employees that they are not in need and the employees will go away, therefore this might result in the employees not very motivated to do well and they might not think as if they are involved with the business. Also employees on temporary contract are more likely to leave the business as the labour turnover rate is at 10% which is higher than the industry average which is 6%. This is human resource strategy is ineffective because it lead to employees leaving the business every year and the business is losing experienced and valuable staff. Also another reason the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is not that effective because the training budget is below the industry average as Scott electronics training cost is  £500 compared to the industries average which is  £1000. This shows that the staff are not that well trained and most of the staff don’t know what they are doing sometimes or they might not know how the company operates as high level of training was not provided. This lead to the amount of defect products increased as the staffs were not well trained and they kept making mistakes therefore the numbers of defects products increased. This is one of my strongest reasons because staffs need to be well trained before they can start the job as they will know what they are doing and how they are going to carry out each task according the company structures of dealing with things. Therefore the staff need to be well trained and the business needs to increase its amount on training the staff which will allow the business to have staff that know what they are doing and make less mistakes as this will cause the staff to make less defect products. In conclusion I think that the human resources strategy is very effect to the business because average span of control for Scott’s electronic is 5 and industry average is 8. This has a greater advantage to the specific business because it will allow the business mangers to control their staff and monitor the progress which the manager can set targets and the targets can be analysed to see if they have reached the targets this will increase the productivity of the business as targets are reached and mangers have better control over their staff and the business. However I think that the current human resource strategy is not that effective to the business because the firm’s defected products are 10% and the industry average is 5% which is doubled the amount. Therefore you can tell that the strategy is not that effective as the staffs are making a lot of mistakes which will cost the business as the raw materials cost money to buy. Also this indicates that strategy is failing as staff are not well trained or may not experienced enough to work in the field which the bale goes the firms recruitment policy as the firm could have employed experienced staff which could have reduced the level of defected products.

The Evolution Of Jet Engines :: essays research papers

The Evolution of Jet Engines The jet engine is a complex propulsion device which draws in air by means of an intake, compresses it, heats it by means of an internal combustion engine, which when expelled it turns a turbine to produce thrust, resulting in a force sufficient enough to propell the aircraft in the opposite direction (Morgan 67). When the jet engine was thought of back in the 1920's the world never thought it would become a reality, but by 1941 the first successful jet flight was flown in England. Since then the types of engines have changed, but the basic principals have remained the same. In 1921 thoughts of a jet engine were based upon adaptations of piston engines and were usually very heavy and complicated. These thoughts were refined in the 1930's when the turbine engine design lead to the patent of the turbojet engine by Sir Frank Whittle of Great Britian. It was Sir Whittle's design that lead Great Britian into the jet age with the first successful flight. At the same time, the Germans were designing there own jet engine and aircraft which would be one of the factors that kept Germany alive in World War II. With technological advances by the allies a prototype turbojet known as the "Heinkel He 178" came into a few operational squadrons in the German, British, and the American air forces towards the end of World War II. These jets finally helped the allies to win the war against the axis powers(Smith 23-27). A later development in the jet industry was the overcoming of the sound barrier and establishing normal operations up to and beyond twice the speed of sound. Also air force bombers and transports were able to reach and cruise at supersonic speeds(Silverstein 56-70). In the late 1950's civil transcontinental jet services started with the Comet 4 and the Boeing 707. In the mid 1960's all major jet manufacturing companies revised their present engines with new materials such as aircraft aluminium which made them lighter and turbine changes so they could compress the air at a much higher pressure so the engine can produce much more thrust.The first supersonic airliner is the twin turbojet Concorde which flies at over twice the speed of sound which was brought into regular service in 1976(Smith 27-30). The one company that dominates the private jet industry is Bombardier which makes the Learjet turbofans, they have an approximate cruising distance of 1880 nautical miles(Jennings 103). In the future, turbojet engines will continue to further develop due to the technological advances made. As in graphite composite wings, thermoplastic

‘Describe and Evaluate Carl Jung’s Theory Concerning Personality Types Essay

Introduction In this essay I aim to show an apprehension of Jung’s personality types by depicting and measuring his theory and to demo how they might useful in assisting a healer to find curative ends. I will besides look at some of the unfavorable judgments levelled at Jung’s theory. Carl Gustav Jung. ( 26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961 ) . was a Swiss psychologist and head-shrinker. and the laminitis of analytical psychological science. His male parent was a Pastor. and he had an stray childhood. going really introspective. it seems he had a schizophrenic personality. Although Freud was involved with analytical psychological science and worked with patients with hysterical neuroticisms ; Jung. nevertheless. worked with psychotic patients in infirmary. He was struck by the cosmopolitan symbols ( or Archetypes ) in their psychotic beliefs and hallucinations ( ref. Dennis Brown and Jonathan Redder ( 1989 ) p. 107 ) . His work and influence extends manner beyond understanding personality. and he is considered to be one of the greatest minds to hold theorised about life and how people relate to it. Carl Jung was among many great personality theoreticians who drew inspiration and counsel from the ancient theoretical accounts like star divination and the Four Dispositions. For 100s of old ages at that place has been some sort of ‘typology’ to seek and categorize individual’s attitudes and behavior. e. g. Astrology. Oriental astrologists invented the oldest signifier of typology ; believing is that there is a personality trait that is relevant to each mark and that a person’s character/personality can be classified in footings of the elements – fire H2O air and Earth. Those under fire had a ardent nature and corresponding disposition and destiny. etc. The ancient Greeks believed in the ‘four temperaments’ / ‘four humours’ . which can be traced back to Ancient Greek medical specialty and doctrine ( 400BC ) . particularly in the work of Hippocrates – the ‘Father of Medicine’ ) and in Plato’s thoughts about character and personality. It was believed that in order to keep wellness. people needed an even balance of the four organic structure fluids: blood. emotionlessness. xanthous gall. and black gall. These four organic structure fluids were linked to certain variety meats and unwellnesss and besides represented the ‘Four Temperaments’ or ‘Four Humours’ of personality. The Grecian doctor Galen ( AD 130-200 ) subsequently introduced the facet of four basic dispositions reflecting the wits: the sanguine. floaty type ; the phlegmatic. sulky type ; the choleric. choleric type ; and the melancholiac. dejected type. Galen besides classified drugs in footings of their supposed effects on the four wits. He therefore created a systematic usher or choosing drugs. which although scientifically wrong were the foundation rock of handling psychological and psychiatric unwellnesss. Carl Jung approached personality and ‘psychological types’ ( besides referred to as Jung’s psychological types ) from a position of clinical depth psychology. He was one of the few psychologists in the 20th century to keep that development extends beyond childhood and adolescence through mid-life and into old age. He focused on set uping and developing a relationship between witting and unconscious procedures. Jung believed that Page 2 there was a duologue between the witting and unconscious and without it the unconscious procedures can weaken and even endanger the personality and this is seen in one of his cardinal constructs of individualization. He believed that individualization is a life long procedure of personal development that involves set uping a connexion between the self-importance and the ego. which could be brought to its highest realization if worked with and the unconscious was confronted. ( Stevens 1999 ) Jung. like Freud. referred to the self-importance when depicting the more witting facet of personality. Unlike Freud he did non seek to understate the unconscious side of the personality. but alternatively gave it equal position. complimentary to that of the witting. He referred to the integrated personality as Self ; the Centre of the entire mind. including both the witting and the unconscious. The Self includes all of a person’s qualities and potencies whether or non they become evident at a peculiar phase of life. The end of therapy is to steer the client to go a whole a human being as personal fortunes will let. It was out of Jung’s confrontation with the unconscious. both in himself and in his patients. that he easy elaborated his psychological science. In his 1921 work. ‘Personality Types’ . Jung compared his four maps ( as shown below ) of personality to the four points on a compass. While a individual faces one way. he or she still uses the other points as a usher. Most people keep one map as the dominant one although some people may develop two over a life-time. It is merely the individual who achieves self-fulfillment that has wholly developed all four maps. His book besides acted as the compass by which Jung tried to understand how he differed from Freud and Adler. but more significantly. could get down to chart the internal universe of people. Jung’s Four Psychological Functions are as follows: Rational Functions? Thinking ( procedure of cognitive idea ) ? Feeling ( map of subjective judgement or rating ) enabling determination doing Irrational Functions? Sensation ( perceptual experience utilizing the physical sense variety meats? Intuition ( receptiveness to unconscious contents ) supplying the information on which to do judgements. Jung held a deep grasp of originative life and considered spiritualty a cardinal portion of the human journey. There is a whole literature associating Jungian psychological science and spiritualty. chiefly from a Christian position. This literature includes Hagiographas by Kelsey ( 1974. 1982 ) and by Sanford ( 1968. 1981 ) . Caprio and Hedberg’s ( 1986 ) Coming Home: A Handbook for Researching the Sanctuary Within is a practical usher for religious work in the Christian tradition. It contains striking personal narratives. first-class illustrations. and utile exercisings. ( Frager & A ; Fadiman 2005 ) Jung’s description of personality provinces that in order to Page 3 place a psychological type it is necessary to find whether a individual is oriented chiefly toward his interior universe ( invagination ) or toward external world ( extroversion ) . known as the cardinal attitude of the person to underscore its importance. Jung’s eight personality types are as follows: ? Extroverted Thinking – Jung theorized that people understand the universe through a mix of concrete thoughts and abstract 1s. but the abstract constructs are 1s passed down from other people. Extroverted minds are frequently found working in the research scientific disciplines and mathematics. †¢Introverted Thinking – These persons interpret stimulation in the environment through a subjective and originative manner. The readings are informed by internal cognition and apprehension. Philosophers and theoretical scientists are frequently introspective thinking-oriented people. †¢Extroverted Feeling – These people judge the value of things based on nonsubjective fact. Comfortable in societal state of affairss. they form their sentiments based on socially accepted values and bulk beliefs. They are frequently found working in concern and political relations. †¢Introverted Feeling – These people make judgements based on subjective thoughts and on internally established beliefs. Oftentimes they ignore predominating attitudes and withstand societal norms of thought. Introverted feeling people thrive in callings as art critics. †¢Extroverted Feeling – These people perceive the universe as it truly exists. Their perceptual experiences are non colored by any preexistent beliefs. Jobs that require nonsubjective reappraisal. like vino taste testers and proofreaders. are best filled by extrospective feeling people. †¢Introverted Feeling – These persons interpret the universe through the lens of subjective attitudes and seldom see something for merely what it is. They make sense of the environment by giving it intending based on internal contemplation. Introverted feeling people frequently turn to assorted humanistic disciplines. including portrait picture and classical music. †¢Extroverted Intuitive – These people prefer to understand the significances of things through subliminally perceived nonsubjective fact instead than incoming centripetal information. They rely on intuitions and frequently disregard what they perceive straight from their senses. Inventors that come upon their innovation via a shot of penetration and some spiritual reformists are characterized by the extrovert intuitive type. †¢Introverted Intuitive – These persons. Jung idea. are deeply influenced by their internal motives even though they do non wholly understand them. They find intending through unconscious. subjective thoughts about the universe. Introverted intuitive people comprise a important part of mystics. phantasmagoric creative persons. and spiritual fiends. They are mysterious dreamers. concerned with possibilities instead than what is presently present. Seldom understood by others. Repress feeling. Jung described himself as an introspective intuitor. Introverts are people who prefer their internal universe of ideas. feelings. phantasies. dreams. and so on. while extraverts prefer the external universe of things and people and activities. Page 4 Today the words have become baffled with thoughts like shyness and sociableness. partly because introverts tend to be diffident and extraverts tend to be sociable. But Jung intended for them to mention more to whether you ( â€Å"ego† ) more frequently faced toward the character and outer world. or toward the corporate unconscious and its originals. In that sense. the introvert is slightly more mature than the extravert. Our civilization. of class. values the extravert much more. Jung warned that we all tend to value our ain type most. ( Boeree 1996 ) ; a impression which is peculiarly utile to healers today as it is of import non to let personal feelings to take topographic point when working with clients. Both introvert and extrovert overvalue their strengths and each tends to underestimate the other. To the extrovert. the introvert seems narcissistic and dull. and to the introvert. the extrovert appears superficial and insincere ( Fordham. 1966 ) . Jung believed that a individual remained an extrovert or introvert without alteration for the whole of his life. and that heredity determines whether the libido is directed inward or outward. Whether a individual is an introvert or extravert they need to cover with both their inner and outer universe. And each has their preferable manner of covering with it. ways which they are comfy with and good at. This hypothesised stableness of the introversion-extroversion trait is consistent with empirical research utilizing Non-Jungian steps of invagination and extroversion. ( Cloniger 2000 ) Jung suggested a nexus between each of the attitudes and certain neurotic upsets which will be discussed subsequently. We now find the introvert-extravert dimension in several theories. notably Hans Eysenck’s. In Eysenck’s ( 1982 ) position people are biosocial animate beings and that psychological science stands at the hamlets of biological scientific disciplines and societal scientific disciplines. He states that psychological science must go more of a true scientific discipline with methodological analysis in all that the healer does in order to allow personality theoreticians to do anticipations that can be tested and hence do possible the development of the causal theory of personality. which he believes will necessarily assist the healer with clients showing jobs. Jung compared the witting portion of the mind ( self-importance ) to an island that rises out of the sea. We notice merely the portion above the H2O. even though there is a greater land mass below the H2O – much like an iceberg. the unconscious prevarications below ( Fordam1953 ) . The personal unconscious is a reservoir of experience unique to each single consisting of perceptual experiences. ideas. feelings and memories that have been put to one side or repressed but non ever covered by sea and therefore can be reclaimed. Whereas the personal unconscious is alone to every person. the corporate unconscious is shared or â€Å"transpersonal† and consists of certain potencies that we all portion because of our human nature. because we all live in groups and in some signifier of society or household life. He believed that the corporate unconscious did non develop separately but was inherited and consisted of preexistent signifiers. the originals. An original is a cosmopolitan thought signifier or sensitivity to react to the universe in certain ways and is important to Jung’s construct of the corporate unconscious because it emphasises potencies in which we may show our humanity. He believed that they appeared to us in dreams. art. ritual. myths and symptoms. Eysenck believed that from a point of position of scientific discipline. Jung’s part to the survey of personality types had been chiefly negative as he permitted mystical impressions to overrule empirical informations and sought to travel beyond descriptive analysis to the causal analysis of personality. A individual is non normally defined by merely one of the eight personality types. Alternatively. the different maps exist in a hierarchy. One map will hold a superior consequence and another will hold a secondary consequence. Normally. harmonizing to Jung. a individual merely makes important use Page 5 of two maps. The other two take inferior places. Jung believed that it was non sufficient to possess merely one of the above-named maps to be a all-around personality and be able to confront life’s experiences. Jung described two of the four maps as rational and two as irrational ; besides he used the footings judging/perceiving. Thinking can account for logic and judgment. Our likes/dislikes are a feeling map. These two maps are known as rational as they use our reflecting ability. Sensation and intuition are known as irrational maps because it is what is seen in the external universe ( esthesis ) and interior universe ( intuition ) . In pattern. the subsidiary map is ever one whose nature. rational or irrational. is different from the primary map. For case. feeling can non be the secondary map when thought is dominant. and frailty versa. because both are rational and judging maps ( Daryl Sharp. 1989. p. 19 ) One of the four maps may be developed more. and this would be known as a primary or superior map. whilst the others may be classed as inferior. What this means is that a primary map is one which a individual uses more. whilst possibly. other maps are non used so much ( inferior ) and these might lend to a individual experiencing unable to get by with a state of affairs in which an inferior map is needed to be active. Jung acknowledged that the four orienting maps do non incorporate everything in the witting mind. Will power and memory. for case. are non included. The ground for this is that they are non typological determinants-though of course they may be affected by the manner one maps typologically believing is ever accompanied by an lower status of feeling. and differentiated esthesis is deleterious to intuition and frailty versa ( ref. Daryl Sharp. 1987. p. 15 ) Jung used the term ‘libido’ to specify what he meant by extravert and introvert. it was non meant in a sexual manner. like Freud. but as a term for energy. Introversion. writes Jung. â€Å"is usually characterized by a hesitant. brooding. retiring nature that keeps itself to itself. psychiatrists from objects { and } is ever somewhat on the defensive† . Conversely. Extraversion â€Å"is usually characterized by an outgoing. candid. and suiting nature that adapts easy to a given state of affairs. rapidly form fond regards. and. puting aside any possible scruples. will frequently venture Forth with careless assurance into unknown situations† . ( ref. Daryl Sharp1987. p. 13 ) . The balance between the two can be disturbed either manner. on the one side. utmost backdown. invagination or even psychosis. cuts a individual off from external world. On the other side. overly extroverted or constricted personalities may be cut off from subjective feelings or interior world ( Ref. Dennis Brown & A ; Jonathan Redder 1989p. 81 ) . Jung acknowledged that it is sometimes hard to work out what personality type some people belong to. he stated. ‘†¦It is frequently really hard to happen out whether a individual belongs to one type or the other. particularly in respect to oneself’ ( ref Jung. Anthony Stevens. 2001. p. 99 ) Peoples change their manner of behavior in different fortunes. because this is the manner they wish to be perceived. to be accepted by others. Jung referred to this as a character ( or a mask ) where a individual relays to others. person they are non. apparently to conform to others outlooks of them. This is besides known as the crude side of the personality The character Page 6 signifiers in early childhood. when a kid signifiers in his head what is acceptable to his parents. instructors etc. If it is repressed this is what Jung referred to as ‘the shadow’ . If the shadow is non allowed to come up. it will turn bigger. Jung believed that by confronting up to your shadow. it may enable you to alter it. The shadow may emerge in times of utmost anger/dreams. Jung believed that the shadow is indispensable as it allows an single to see the universe. We are each Born with a natural balance. If our natural balance is disquieted due to repression or conditioning so our heads will in some manner seek to reconstruct the balance which Jung saw as the power of the unconscious surfacing as ‘the return of the pent-up ‘ . The self-importance emerges out of the ego in childhood. It is your individualism. who you are. your ain self-importance appertaining merely to you. the Centre of consciousness. As you go into maturity there may be problem between the self-importance and ego. as the persons attitude alteration. Avowal of the Self liberates its originative energies and brings certain cognition that the best life is the life lived sub specie fraternization ( ref. . Anthony Stevens 2001. p. 157 ) . Jung seemed to put a batch of accent on the Self. I suppose this is because it is the Self. which he believed. will finally imagine alteration in behavior. He was one of the few psychologists in the 20th century to keep that development extends beyond childhood and adolescence through mid-life into old age. ( ref. Anthony Stevens 2001. p. 38 ) . . Jung disagreed with Freud on his positions on gender i. e. the ‘Oedipus complex’ . Jung preferred to name this complex ‘a love aspect’ . of a mother/child and non a sexual one/incest. as Freud believed to be the instance. Jung and Freud both agreed though. that unconscious ideas ( dreams ) were the manner to personal penetration of the person. After his separating with Freud. overtly because of dissension about the importance of gender. but possibly besides over father-son competitions. Jung once more withdrew into what Heisenberg ( 1970 ) calls a ‘creative illness’ during which he excessively conducted a ego analysis ( ref Dennis Brown and Jonathan Redder ( 1989 ) p. 107 ) . But he did non utilize ‘free association’ . but provoked unconscious imagination which he wrote down. pull his dreams. protracting narratives which he told himself. This is how he became involved in analytical psychological science. He spent long periods at his lakeside retreat. jumping between his inner world/ outer universe. Freud. looked back into a client’s childhood. whereas Jung looked to the hereafter more and did non set much importance into the past. more in what can be achieved. the ends to take for†¦ . . the hope†¦ . . of alteration. The unconscious head of a adult male. Jung believed. contained a female component ( anima ) . and a woman’s a male component ( animosity ) . These he believed to be linked to titillating desires. on what the single discoveries attractive in the opposite sex. Another belief Jung held. is that if a individual reacts really strongly to his anima/animus it may take to homosexualism. This is what he believed. non which has been proven to be true. Page 7 Jung’s theories. I believe to be utile in therapy. because if you can measure an persons personality. you can endeavour to do the therapy more applicable to their ‘type’ which Jung viewed as their singularity as an person. ‘the wholeness’ . He did non conceal behind a client like Freud. preferring to utilize a face to confront method. where the client and the healer are equal ; he besides used personal work on dreams. a assortment of ways to seek and advance growing in the client. to look to the hereafter. His positions on mental unwellness gave some hope to a sick person as he believed that within the psychosis experienced there is a personality concealed. with hopes. desires etc. he tried to understand them through reading. Jung saw mental unwellness as a defect. as inferior. but tried to assist the single face this inferior side and near his extrospective side to accomplish ‘wholeness’ . On the whole. Jung’s typology is best used in the manner that one would utilize a compass ; all typological possibilities are theoretically available to the Self. but it is utile to be able to set up those coordinates that one is utilizing to chart one’s class through life. Jung accepted that this class is ne'er intractably fixed ; it may be at any clip be capable to change. Viewed in this visible radiation. consciousness of one’s psychological type is non a restraint but release. for it can open up new navigational possibilities in life. the being of which 1 might otherwise ne'er have discovered ( ref. Anthony Stevens. 2001. p. 101 ) Jung possessed his critics. chiefly Freudian. after his split with Freud ; in peculiar his Archetypes theories concentrating on Jung’s belief that the beginnings of originals ( and their footing in the corporate unconscious ) transcend to the person. in that they reflect on hereditary or cosmopolitan kernel. The review besides examines a related impression of Jung’s. that the corporate unconscious unites us with the universe around us in an immediate paranormal or synchronism sense. These impressions of Jung’s are found to be earnestly flawed. In malice of this. the review suggests that Jung’s belief in the familial footing of certain unconscious content holds some promise. With this in head. suggestions are made refering needful alteration in Jung’s theory and refering the sort of grounds required for its support. ( ref. Journey of Humanistic Psychology. Spring 1996. Vol 36 no. 261. 91. p. 223-242. Another unfavorable judgment with respects to Jung is he does non dig into childhood experience ; in contrast to Freud and depth psychology and some psychologists find his theories hard and drawn out. Besides his theory does bring forth a moderate sum of research and 2 ) Neither possible to verify or distort. ( ref. HttpYahoo. com. Page 8 Conclusion In order to expeditiously assist a client and to find curative ends it is necessary to set up whether a individual is chiefly orientated toward their inner ( invagination ) or outer universe ( extroversion ) and following to measure which are the dominant and auxillary psychological maps of the client. Jung said that people connect thoughts. feelings. experiences and information by manner of associations in the unconscious in such a manner as to impact their behaviour. He identified these groupings as ‘Complexes’ . He believed that they may be organised around a peculiar individual or object and the healer may utilize this cognition to convey to the head of the client’s consciousness a state of affairs which they may be happening hard to untangle from. The curative end of Jungian therapy is to assist the client resoluteness imbalanced facets of their personality which nowadays in a figure of differing ways of psychological perturbation. Examples include: utmost negativeness. dependences. grades of paranoia. sudden spiritual transition. in appropriate fond regards to unsuitable spouses. craze. passion. depression. hypochondrias or schizophrenic personality traits as Jung himself had as a male child. By understanding his theory and how each type may show the healer can assist them unlock the shadow sides of their personality. It is a procedure in which the client is helped to come to footings with the topographic point of ego within their ain universe and besides to assist them see that they are portion of a greater corporate unconscious. Much of Jung’s work was about the interconnection of all people and civilizations. Today more than of all time as we seek to go â€Å"one world† Jung’s work with eastern every bit good as western faiths and civilizations seems more and more appropriate. The work of Hans Eysenck through empirical surveies across the universe has shown that personality types exist in all civilizations and hence concludes that there is a familial constituent to personality types. â€Å"Such transverse cultural unanimity would be improbable if biological factors did non play a prevailing part† ( Eysenck. 1990 ) But like Jung he believed that environmental factors likely find how much an person will develop to their full potency. The usage of appropriate appraisal techniques can be priceless in assisting a healer to develop the untapped potency within the person and is so making contribute to the corporate unconsciousness and synchronism of the planet as a whole.